The
British
economy
follows
the
Anglo-Saxon
model,
focusing
on
the
principles
of
liberalisation,
the
free
market,
and
low
taxation
and
regulation.
Based
on
market
exchange
rates,
the
United
Kingdom
is
the
fifth-largest
economy
in
the
world;
the
second
largest
in
Europe
after
Germany,
and
the
sixth-largest
overall
by
purchasing
power
parity
(PPP)
exchange
rates.
The
British
were
the
first
in
the
world
to
enter
the
Industrial
Revolution,
and,
like
most
industrialising
countries
at
the
time,
initially
concentrated
on
heavy
industries
such
as
shipbuilding,
coal
mining,
steel
production,
and
textiles.
The
empire
created
an
overseas
market
for
British
products,
allowing
the
United
Kingdom
to
dominate
international
trade
in
the
19th
century.
However,
as
other
nations
industrialised
and
surplus
labour
from
agriculture
began
to
dry
up,
the
United
Kingdom
started
to
lose
its
economic
advantage.
As a
result,
heavy
industry
declined
throughout
the
20th
century.
The
British
service
sector,
however,
has
grown
substantially,
and
now
makes
up
about
73%
of
GDP.
The
service
sector
of
the
United
Kingdom
is
dominated
by
financial
services,
especially
in
banking
and
insurance.
London
is
one
of
the
world's
largest
financial
centres
with
the
London
Stock
Exchange,
the
London
International
Financial
Futures
and
Options
Exchange,
and
the
Lloyd's
of
London
insurance
market
all
based
in
the
city.
It
also
has
the
largest
concentration
of
foreign
bank
branches
in
the
world.
In
the
past
decade,
a
rival
financial
centre
in
London
has
grown
in
the
Docklands
area,
with
HSBC,
Citigroup,
and
Barclays
Bank
all
relocating
their
head
offices
there.
The
Scottish
capital,
Edinburgh
also
has a
large
financial
sector,
the
sixth
largest
in
Europe.
Tourism
is
very
important
to
the
British
economy.
With
over
27
million
tourists
a
year,
the
United
Kingdom
is
ranked
as
the
sixth
major
tourist
destination
in
the
world.
The
British
manufacturing
sector,
however,
has
greatly
diminished
since
World
War
II.
It is
still
a
significant
part
of
the
economy,
but
only
accounted
for
one-sixth
of
national
output
in
2003.
The
British
motor
industry
is a
significant
part
of
this
sector,
although
all
large-volume
producers
are
now
foreign-owned.
Civil
and
defence
aircraft
production
is
led
by
the
United
Kingdom's
largest
aerospace
firm,
BAE
Systems,
and
the
pan-European
consortium
known
as
Airbus.
Rolls-Royce
holds
a
major
share
of
the
global
aerospace
engines
market.
The
chemical
and
pharmaceutical
industry
is
also
strong
in
the
UK,
with
the
world's
second
and
third
largest
pharmaceutical
firms
(GlaxoSmithKline
and
AstraZeneca,
respectively)
being
based
in
the
UK.
The
United
Kingdom's
agriculture
sector
is
small
by
European
standards,
accounting
for
only
0.9%
of
GDP.
The
UK
though
has
large
coal,
natural
gas,
and
oil
reserves.
Primary
energy
production
accounts
for
about
10%
of
Gross
domestic
product
(GDP),
one
of
the
highest
shares
of
any
industrial
state.
The
currency
of
the
UK is
pound
sterling,
represented
by
the
symbol
£.
The
Bank
of
England
is
the
central
bank
and
is
responsible
for
issuing
currency,
although
banks
in
Scotland
and
Northern
Ireland
retain
the
right
to
issue
their
own
notes,
subject
to
retaining
enough
Bank
of
England
notes
in
reserve
to
cover
the
issue.
The
UK
chose
not
to
join
the
Euro
on
that
currency's
launch,
although
the
government
has
pledged
to
hold
a
public
referendum
for
deciding
membership
if "five
economic
tests"
are
met.
Currently
UK
public
opinion
is
against
the
notion.
/From
Wikipedia/
|